The Motive Of Imposters Essays - Italian Films, British Films

The Motive of Imposters William Shakespeare attained literary immortality through his exposition of the many qualities of human nature in his works. One such work, The Merchant of Venice, revolves around the very human trait of deception. Fakes and frauds have been persistent throughout history, even to this day. Evidence of deception is all around us, whether it is in the products we purchase or the sales clerks' false smile as one debates the purchase of the illusory merchandise. We are engulfed by phonies, pretenders, and cheaters. Although most often associated with a heart of malice, imposture varies in its motives as much as it's practitioners, demonstrated in The Merchant of Venice by the obdurate characters of Shylock and Portia. We frequently see the intent of greed and selfishness covered up by the words and face of virtue. Such exploit is displayed by the exceptionally stingy Shylock, an unpopular Jew who makes his living through the practice of usury. When confronted about his unsympathetic trade, he resorts to citing scripture, thus comparing his selfish trade with the actions of holy men (I, iii, 73-87). Antonio, a well respected and honorable merchant, sees right through the falsehood of the justification and asks Shylock, "Was this inserted to make interest good? Or is your gold and silver ewes and rams?" (I, iii, 91-92). The response from Shylock to the question reveals a glimpse of his true meaning. "I cannot tell; I make it breed as fast" (I, iii, 93-94) is a rather boastful reply of his wealth than a righteous rationalization. To which Antonio can only turn to his friend and say "The devil can site Scripture for his purpose. An evil soul producing holy witness is like a villain with a smiling chee k" (I, iii, 95-97). Words alone are not the only means by which imposters operate. A far more effective mode is one that fools the eye for it cannot pierce through the surface. Portia, the new wife of Antonio's friend, dresses as a lawyer in order to deceive the court. However, unlike Shylock's motive, Portia's intent is far more noble and selfless. She manipulates the law in such a way to save Antonio from certain death by the hand of Shylock. Through the eyes of the law, the imposture of a lawyer, especially by a woman at that time, was seen as extremely illicit. But Portia saw impersonation as the only means by which to save a man's life. The action more than warranted the cause. Unquestionably a motive of honorable ethical values. The distinction between the intentions of Shylock and Portia is clear. Even though Portia did save the life of a noble man, she did use deception in order to do so. Nevertheless, one may argue that imposture of any form is dishonesty and the motive behind it cannot change that. The only way to preserve absolute truth would be with steadfast integrity. -Stan Szubiak, 9/22/99

Top 8 Free Online Style Guides in English

Top 8 Free Online Style Guides in English Sensible is probably the highest praise that can be given to a style guide. Neither a comprehensive documentation manual (such as the MLA or APA guides) nor a self-improvement book (along the lines of Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style), a publishers style guide should provide practical and consistent advice about matters ranging from abbreviations and preferred spellings to punctuation standards and acceptable terminology. If youre not already committed to one particular code of conventions- such as The Associated Press Stylebook, the journalists bible- consider befriending one of these free online style guides. Each has its eccentricities and limitations, and no two of them agree on every fine point of usage. But theyre all sensible and reasonably consistent.   American Styles National Geographic Style Manual  Online since 1995 and frequently updated by a team of editors, this is an alphabetically arranged guide to preferred National Geographic Society style and usage.​The Tameri Guide for Writers: Generalized Stylebook  Maintained by Susan D. Schnelbach and Christopher Scott Wyatt, the Tameri Stylebook is based on the Associated Press Stylebook, which is the primary style guide for reporters and editors at daily newspapers and many periodicals.​Wikipedia: Manual of Style  This style guide for all Wikipedia articles is intended to help editors write articles with consistent, clear, and precise language, layout, and formatting. British Styles The BBC News Styleguide (pdf) Written by John Allen, a BBC reporter and editor for the past 40 years, this popular manual is not a do and dont list but a guide that invites you to explore some of the complexities of modern English usage.​Economist.com Style Guide  John Grimonds online guide is based on the stylebook followed by journalists at The Economist magazine. The 11th edition of the paperback version of the guide will be published in 2015.​The Guardian and Observer Style Guide  Edited by David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon, this is the online version of Guardian Style. The third edition of this witty handbook was published in December 2010.​Telegraph Style Book  Augmented by monthly style notes from associate editor Simon Heffer, this is the official guide to house style for The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, and Telegraph.co.uk. Canadian Styles The Canadian Style  Compiled by the Canadian governments Translation Bureau, Canadian Style includes useful advice for drafting letters, memos, reports, indexes and bibliographies along with concise answers to questions concerning written English in the Canadian context.

Church Growth ideas which can be applied to Churches that i have Essay

Church Growth ideas which can be applied to Churches that i have encounted - Essay Example Among the strong holds of the church is the prayerful nature of the church. Through its various ministries the church has been able to bring many people to Christ. Growth of the church is not a one time thing, but rather takes a process before the people receive the calling and receive the gospel. Thus, churches not having instant growth should have faith in God and wait for their faith to be rewarded (Dortch 2010, p. 64). For this church to attain the maximum growth posible several aspects have to be adapted to aid in the growth of the church. One of the ways to ensure church growth is to modify the church services to suit the whole congregation including first time visitors. The visitors should be able to feel comfortable in the church even, though it is their first time in church (Dortch 2010, p. 65). The service should be fairly short for all to enjoy the service both the praise and worship and the preaching. The long services at the church scare away visitors as they concentrate on the amount of time spent in the service instead of listening to the preaching thus the church is unable to complete its mission of preaching the word of God. Thus the church should reconsider its practices in the service to ensure they reduce the time in the service if possible to be a short as two hours. The time allocated for the preacher is also to be considered to ensure the other activities do not take much of the church service. The main purpose of the congregation attending the service is to receive the message of the day that the pa stor has prepared for them, thus the preaching should be the main agenda of the service thus being allocated a substantial amount of time. The preacher can also check on time to have some time left for evangelism after the preaching. Professional marketing of the church is of importance when opening up a new church in a

A Critical Aaccount of a Philosopher's Educational Idea (John Dewey) Term Paper

A Critical Aaccount of a Philosopher's Educational Idea (John Dewey) And Their Usefulness to And Implications for the Bahamas - Term Paper Example This essay stresses that the contributions of John Dewey to the present education will always be felt. To him, education is as important to social life as reproduction and nutrition are important to physiological life. He viewed education as a necessity in life where a child is born knowing nothing only that it is born in a social group. According to John Dewey, all communication is educative and any individual who actively participates in communication learns something. For a society to continue existing, a teaching and learning process must be existing. An individual learns the way to respond to an event through participation in communication that involves common understanding. It has also been found earlier that living together is educative and this is especially in the experiences that the individual gains from the other members of the society. This paper makes a conclusion that the environment that surrounds a learning area has some influence in the learning process. This environment that interferes can be defined as the surrounding conditions that are related to the execution of the activity. Education can also guide, direct, or control an individual. The child knows no direction appertaining to the life customs of the society that the child has been born and will be brought up in. For the child to grow up in a way that is acceptable to the society some guidance is necessary and this guidance can only be acquired through education. Education is also important in areas such as growth, preparation of the future, conservation etc. Students in schools should also be given opportunities to play.

Comparison between a developing and developed country

Comparison between a developing and developed country The countries I choose to discuss are China representing the developing country and USA symbolizing the developed country. economic system concerns with the production structure of a country. It also includes how to allocate the economic inputs, how to distribute the outputs between the citizens and how to consume goods and services in an economy.(NA 2007) According to Gregory et al (2003), the economic system has four dimensions: decision-making structure, coordination mechanism, productive property rights and incentive system. Decision making concerned with by whom the decisions are carried out, industrial councils, the government, or private owners. In US, excluding only a few national industries, many decisions are decided by the private owners, however, in China, there are a lot of state-owned enterprises which make decisions under the influence of the government. Coordination mechanism is the way of obtaining information and how to use it to coordinate economic activity. The main forms of coordination contain planning and the market. In US, its coordination form is the market: the market is clear, and the exchange of information is highly efficient. While, China has been through a long time of planning coordination, its form, although its government claims the market, is in an interim. Productive property rights is about who takes control of the output. In US, the ownership is protected by the constitution while in China, they are owned by the public or by all the members in the society. Incentive system refers to the reward. There are two major base: material (compensation) and moral (social prestige). In both countries, they have both incentive systems simultaneously since either one is enough. 1.2 financial system 1.2.1 financial system in US In the US, its unit of money is dollar. Its central bank is Federal Reserve who is responsible for making decision concerning to the finance such as financial policy and the base interest rate. since Fed is independent of the government and its chairman has a term of 18 years, it may put focus in the long term. In US, there are many financial institutions such as banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies and so on. The varied institutions designed many sorts of financial instruments circulating in the financial market in the US which make the US the most efficient financial market in the world. 1.2.2 financial system in China In China, its unit of money is yuan. Its central bank is Peoples bank of China(PBC). Compared to Fed, they have a same job including issuing currency, making financial policy and so on. However, since PBC is also a part of the government, its independence is in doubt in some degree. In other words, PBC may adopt the government leaders opinions when they make their final decision. Chinese financial system is immature and still in the progress of developing. In this way, the kinds of financial institutions in China are limited. There are no private-owned financial institutions in China and theres legal protection that financial institutions can only be emerged but no bankruptcy. The financial instruments are also limited. Time deposit, demand deposit, and treasury bills are individual investors primary choice. Until now, more and more people are taking part in the stock market or buying some fund. 1.3 the unique feature-means used by the central to regulate the economy In China, when PBC wants to express its monetary policy, its main tool is to change the benchmark of deposit and lending rates. If PBC wants to adopt tightening monetary policy, it will increase the benchmark rate, on the other hand, it will drop the rate when adopting expansionary monetary policy. However, the method has its own disadvantage: its effect is so strong that it may hurt the development of the economy. In the US, when Fed wants to regulate the economy, its first option is open market operation. If they want to adopt an expansionary monetary policy, it will buy the treasury bills from the financial market and release more money in the circulation. While, when they want to tighten the market, it will sell its bills and get money in the circulation back to the Fed. By regulation this way, the Fed is able to regulate the economy more proficiently and accurately, and this method has the smallest negative effects to the economy. The main reason why China doesnt use open market operation very much is that its financial instruments are limited and its financial market is not mature enough to do it. The other reason is that Chinese government interferes with the central bank more compared to the US government to the Fed. Q2 2.1 A brief introduction to IMF IMF, short for International Monetary Fund, is the international organization aimed for supervising the global system, especially financial system. Its main targets are keeping an eye on exchange rates and balance of payments as well as aiding the developing countries financially and technically. (Wikipedia) This organization was conceived back to July 1944 when 45 governments held a meeting in the Mount Washington Hotel located in Bretton Woods: in this way, this financial system later was called Bretton Woods system. It was formally founded on December 27,1945. 2.2 Members of IMF At the beginning of its foundation, it had only 29 members and its influence on the global financial system was rather limited. However, as time goes by, its affect on the global finance even economy is increasing gradually: the members it accumulated is more and more. It is not that easily be accepted as a member of IMF. The country or state has to take several strict steps before it is able to sign the IMFs Articles of Agreement. However, that effort is worth endeavoring: every member has its own quota in it. The quota represents the status of the member in the organization since several crucial characteristics including the voting weight and allocation of SDRs are determined by the quota. The member who has the most quota in IMF has the greatest power in IMF. United States enjoys 15.82% while other members only get around 6%, or even less. In this way, the US has always been the country which is able to block a supermajority on its own. This is also the point raised by many critics that how can IMF keep its equity among so many members. 2.3 the objectives of IMF The fundamental task for the IMF stays the same as it was founded: to supply financial aid to the countries in need. 2.4 challenges faced by IMF The financial crisis beginning in 2008 is so devastating that nearly every part of the world is strictly affected by it. IMF is also no exception. This crisis is also showing the world that globalization, if not controlled properly, may turn to be a disaster throughout the world and some international financial organizations, such as IMF, has to face some new challenges. According to the statement of an official in IMF, although the global economy would hit the second bottom since 2008, the whole world still has to face four crucial challenges: the financial sustainability, employment crisis, repair of the financial organizations and global cooperation. 2.4.1 financial sustainability Financial sustainability can be represented as a mutual trust between the government and its citizens on the policy. In this way, it is very critical when government is making policies in the recovery. To explicate it, lets make an example. When suffered from the crisis just now, the countrys economy was destroyed nearly completely. In order to recover quickly, the government chooses the expansionary fiscal policy by increasing the government spending or decreasing the inflation rate. By doing this, the government wants to show the confidence that they want to encourage more investment to the citizens. The citizens, responding to the government, begin to invest more than before, since they have a faith in government. However, with the increase of investment, the government realizes that another problem is showing up: the inflation rate is rising. In order to overcome inflation, the government has to increase the interest rate, which is a signal of scotch the investment. The citizens may feel confused by the governments changing policy, and may lose faith in it. If the trust between a government and its citizens is destroyed, the recovery is totally hopeless. However, usually the government is shortsighted and its lack of financial sustainability cannot help the recovery and even lose the best opportunity, it is the IMFs responsibility to help guiding the government and make sure that they make the right decision. 2.4.2 employment crisis Since the financial crisis in 2008, many developed countries including USA and some major European countries are suffering from the extraordinarily high unemployment rate. Mr. Obama, the president of United States, had promised that the unemployment rate of US would drop. However, until right now, the unemployment rate of US is still above 8%, and there is more rumor that this number will fly to 10% or higher. This phenomenal is very common among the other developed countries around the world. High employment is fatal to a countrys stability. Without a domestic stable economy, how can people around the world make sure of the stability of the economy? While creating a stable environment for the global economy is one of the objects of IMF, how to lower the unemployment and create more job opportunities become their challenges. 2.4.3 repair of the financial organizations As it is well known around the world, five major investment banks disappeared in USA during the financial crisis. Affected by this, many other financial and nonfinancial organizations within and outside US were in danger of bankruptcy. Since financial organizations are the primary elements in the financial system, helping them repair from the crisis is necessary. However, despite the organizations, even some countries are facing bankruptcy themselves. Depending on the government may not be a very good choice. In this time, the job rests on the shoulder of IMF, an international financial organization, who is able to help national ones when they need it. 2.4.4 global cooperation With the pace of globalization, the cooperation within different countries is becoming more and more indispensible to ones own economy. The deadly financial crisis happened in 2008 was first ignited in the US, while, after a short time, this crisis was spreading around the whole world like a cancer. Until now, many parts of world are still suffering from it. From this crisis, it is widely realized that even it is caused by only one section of a country, the influence may be spreading far far way, just like the butterfly effect. Thus, in order to cope with it efficiently, every country should enhance their cooperation with each. To cooperate finely, there has to be an organization to regulate their behaviors and that organization is IMF. Now, how to help each member cooperation with others effectively and safely is the final but not the easiest challenge faced by IMF. 2.5 my suggestions When facing these new challenges, I have several suggestions for the IMF. First of all, I suggest that IMF should guide those countries who have the most serious debt problems, even by exempting from a certain amount of heavy debt. Only by doing this can help them stabilize the domestic environment within the countries. Another suggestion from me is that IMF should appeal that every member enhances its cooperation when making policies. We must abandon the way of recovery based on hurting the other members economy such as the protection to local product by putting more duty on the imports. NA (2007). economic systems, The New Encyclopedia Britannica, V. 4, p. 357. Gregory et al(2003). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century.

Methods of Personnel Development Essay

1. Introduction Successful personnel development is necessary to help and organization to acquire a competitive edge in the market. A well trained and competent workforce and help and organization cut a competitive edge in the market which the competing organizations may find hard to replicate the long run.   Efficient methods of personnel development are necessary for the success of the organization. Personnel have become an important concern for all managers in all industry.   This has been promoted by the problems which have been experienced in hiring of personnel who can meet the required standards to deliver the needed services.   The current strategic human resource management has recognized employees as the most important asset that an organization has. In this regard it has become of paramount important for organization to carry out effective staff development programs which are likely to meet the required work standards.   There has been increasing for the organization to carry out effective individual training programs which will meet the demands of their customers.   When most organization have been emphasizing for the downsizing of their employee, it has become important for them to ensure that it effective training programs which will ensure there is overall growth. (Consulting, 2000) For an organization to ensure that there is effective growth of its workforce, employee training and development has become a priority rather than an option.   There are many organizations which have been carrying out training programs but which have not resulted to the required results.   Training and development  Ã‚   is usually an integral and an expensive part of the human resource department and therefore there should be all efforts aimed at ensuring that there is overall success of the exercise. Effective training and development programs are necessary in order to ensure that there is overall growth of the worker. The most important factor that can help the organization to carryout effective personnel development is to understand the goals of the organization and therefore work to achieve these goals.   The organization goal will assist the organization to come up with effective design and implementation of the organization. Efficient personnel development program are therefore necessary to ensure that the organization cuts a competitive edge in the market. (Jenning, 1996) 2. Success factors for training There are important factors in the overall development process that must be taken into consideration to have effective personnel development. The most important factor that the organizations need to realise in the design and implementation of personnel development is the mission and vision of the organization. This will help the management to become committed to the overall process of personnel development in the most efficient way.   The company should also evaluate the relative risk of exposure which is presented by the compliance requirement and therefore use this as an effective way of prioritizing the needs for planning training.   The management will also involve the key line representatives in order to design and implement train interventions. This means that training should be viewed as a way of helping the organization to remain competitive and not as a necessary evil.   The management should also be keep away of the focus of the training activities and the role  Ã‚   that the activities are intended to achieve and help the organization to achieve in its overall objectives. (Bowie and Jordan, 2001) There are important characteristic which are used to identify a successful training program.   The following are the common characteristics of a successful training in an organization;  · There should be a clear understating of the goals of the organization and the needs of all the line managers for training and development.   This means that   the training programs will be based on these key strategies which are likely to support the   goal of the organization  · There should be involvement of the key line personnel in the selection, design and the scheduling of training.  · The style for delivering the training program must focus on the adult learning concepts  Ã‚   including the relevant content of the course.  · The training activities should be seen as an integral part of the overall training place for the organization and not an individual or a one time event that will come and go.  · There should be a high accountability for the result which will justify the purpose for training.   There should be effective evaluation, measurement and a well organization reporting of the results of training.  · There should be frequent communication between the organization management and the person who are overseeing training program. This will ensure that there is overall support for the training programs and the enforcement of the training values. 3. In house vs. Third party training There are two broad methods which are used to deliver training programs.   These include the in-house training and the third party training program.   The organization is likely to choose the most efficient method that will ensure that there is delivery of the most efficient training program. In-house training will involve when an organization uses the instructor who are a part of the organization.   This employs will also be trained as they continue with their work which means there will less loss of time and the productivity for the organization will not be affected. However this method is likely to result to low employee expectation from the training program since they are likely to learn what they have been practicing. (Rouda and Kusy, 2005) The third party training take place when and organization brings in an extern expert. External experts are likely to come with new experience for the organization which will reinforce the development of the workforce.   Under this method the organization can also decide to take its staff for an external training program which will take place outside the organization.   This method is likely to be more effective since the staff will be expecting to learn new things from what they have been practicing in the organization. In the course of training there are different ways that can be used by the organization to source for training materials.   The organization can develop its own materials in the organization which will be in-house material development. The organizations can also source for material outside through purchase or leasing.  Ã‚   When the organization hires third party to come and training the staff, the conditions for hiring can also be that the third party will be expected to come with training materials. In order to select the best combination for the trainer and the program, the organization should be important consideration including the experience, time for development of the program, resources available, the money available for the program and the cost of the options, the expected quality, the training needs for the organization and the credibility of the method that will be used. 4. Program design The program design describes the way the overall training program will be planned.   Program design consist of   important   aspect of the training   including the conduction of the needs analysis for the   company, the prioritizing o the need in the training place, definition of the   course objectives to match the   training needs, and the selection of   the training formats that will be used in the   training program. a) Need analysis A need analysis is carried out in order to identify the  Ã‚   area in which the organization needs to carry out training.   The need analysis is the first step in determine the whole training program. The need analysis should be carried out comprehensively in order to understand the specific area under in which the training will emphasize. Usually a need analysis will come up with a long list of needs that the organization will have to look at. In need analyses there are three types of data that the trainer will have to collect. The pre-training behaviour will give the knowledge that the trainees have. The post training behaviour will give the expectation from the training that the organization wants to achieve through training.   The workplace reinforcement and constraints will give the factors for the job which can help or hinder the trainees in applying what they will have learned. (Jenning, 1996) b)    Course objectives This should identify the specific objectives that the training will achieve. Identification of the course objective is likely to increase the effectiveness of training and evaluation of needs assessment.   Basically three types of course objectives will have to be looked at. These include the planning objectives, the process objectives and the learning objectives.   This will help in the formatting of the training. c)    Training format There are different formats that can be used to deliver training.   The best format that an organization can choose is the one which will create a setting an environment which is most conducive to learn.   The format has to be flexible.   There are formal and informal training formats Informal training format will include format like one on one tutoring which   can be teem consuming but very effective,   use groups, discussion groups and   newsletters.   On the other hand formal training formats include formats like classroom training like lectures or demonstration, video or audio, computer based trailing, satellite training, teleconferencing, use of simulations, use of manuals, and on   job training.   The formal training methods have become most common used in organisational training since they are more effective and have been supported by the emerging technologies. (Consulting, 2000) d)    Program delivery This is the most important part in the training process. The way the training will be delivered is important in determining how it will be effective to achieve the goals of the training.   Delivery of training should be based on principle of adult learning since most of the employees who undergo training are adults.   There sold a proven adults-instructions practices rather than the traditional classroom delivery method which is likely to compromise the quality of training. e)    E-learning With the increased use of technology in the world, e-learning is also rising to be an important factor in the training programs. E-learning involves the process of delivering learning through the use of person computer. It is widely used in education institution but it is also fining it place in the employee training programs. In employee training e-learning has been providing an effective time saving method of learning as compared to other methods.   It is also easy to carry training from any part of the world can therefore can be used when an organisation choose third party training. However it is expensive since al the employees will need to have a computer. 5. How adults learn According to the learning theories, it has been shown that adults learn different from how children learn.   Unlike children, adults are likely to relate what they hear to their experience and the knowledge they have gathered over time.   Adults are also good listeners and will digest what they are listen.   This means that when training adults, one need to have all the facts to their fingers and ensure that they are correct as challenge can arise at any one time. (Consulting, 2000) According to the adult learning theories there are important factor that have to be considered when teaching them.   First it should be understood that adults are less interested in the overview, they are more interested in what they are learning. They need to be given examples which can help them to relate what they are learning with their real experience. Since they are more critical on what is delivery any information that is likely to contradict what they know should be delivered slowly and in an efficient manner. The training should assist them to make connections with what they already know.   The pace of training should also be suited for their mind. Fast training may prove difficult for them while a too slow training is boring.   The training should avoid trial and error ventures and should reinforce the learnt concept in their real life example. (Jenning, 1996) a)    Designing training experience for adults There are important principal that the trainers must consider when planning adult learning.   The structure of the workshop should take to consideration that adult learns usual need some feedback which is likely to mark their progress in training.   The usually learn best when their own experience is integrated in the learning process. They should be given opportunity to ask questions and interact to share experience.   The adult learners are responsible for their learning and they prefer to share with one another in the process.   This interaction must be given a chance.   Adults are likely to learn in an environment where there is mutual trust and respect for one another.   Adults learners must be motivate din order to feel the need to learn. This earns that they have to be shown the important of undergoing the training and how it is going to affect their job performance. b)    Classroom instruction In order to ensure that there is effectiveness of the training process, there are important characters and method that should be incorporated in the training. some of the   most important factors in training include the   inclusion of discussion breaks time which agreed with   all the participants, ensure that the participants are comfortable, state   clearly the objectives of the training, make a preparation of   the material to be used before the class being so that you can evaluate them, use training aids and establish rapports in the course of training, ensure that you don’t interrupt the   participate when they are contributing,   be yourself and more flexible in the course of the training, answer all the question asked and provide constant feedbacks to the participants. c) Documenting available training courses In order to keep up with the course of the training resources, it is important to keep written records as they have been learnt.   This will help the learners to remind themselves of what they have learned in the course of the training. This is also important as it will help the learners to understand what they have been learning and therefore keep up with the course of the training. It also helps the management to see the courses that are available. d)   Measuring and evaluating training effectiveness There had to be an effective way of evaluating the learning process in order to understand the effectiveness of the learning process. This is very critical since it will determine whether the organization is really meeting its objectives or not. It will help the organisation to understand the important steps that are being made in the course of the training. There are many methods of evaluation that is used in the course of the training. The most effective evaluation methods that are used include the use of smile sheet which is one of the five point evaluation which enquiries about the quality of the instructor and others, there is also the pre-test or post techs which is used to measure the increased in knowledge for the learners.   The presets will establish a baseline while the post test will confirm any improvement that is being made which can be directly attributed to the learning process. An observation can also be carried out on the specific performance of each individual including the trainer and the supervisor.   This will detect any changes in the work behaviour which can be directly attributed to the learning process.  Ã‚   Work performance can also e used as a method of evaluation. In this case work performance will look at the specific job tasks and performance indicators. These indicators are usually well defined and measured before and after training.

Prejudice And Discrimination Article Essay

One of the most interesting places to visit in this world is India. Located in South Asia it is officially called the Republic of India. India is well-known for being the second most populous nation in the world next to China.   There are many diverse ethnic groups among the people of India. The six (6) main ethnic groups are Negrito, Proto (Australoids or Austrics), Mongoloids, Mediterranean or Dravidian, Western Brachycephals and the Nordic Aryans (â€Å"People of India,† n.d.). India is also known to be the country from which one of the world’s largest religious congregations has originated, Hinduism. Thus, â€Å"about 80% of the population is Hindu, and 14% is Muslim. Other significant religions include Christians, Sikhs, and Buddhists. There is no state religion (â€Å"India,† n.d.).† India and the large number of its population is home to a vast array of culture and people, and a distinct classification of its Hindu believing population of the structural and hierarchical classification of its own members known as the caste system.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The caste is a closed group whose members are severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. Marriage outside the caste is prohibited. Social status is determined by the caste of one’s birth and may only rarely be transcended† (â€Å"Caste,† n.d.). The caste system is an intricate classification of its population and many people can directly associate the said term with the â€Å"untouchables† or the Panchamas or Dalits who are the lowest ranked within the system and are tasked to perform the most menial tasks of the community (â€Å"Caste,† n.d; â€Å"Dalit,† n.d.). Even though the Constitution of the Republic of India disallows â€Å"untouchability† the caste remains to be very influential in Indian Society (â€Å"India,† n.d.). Likened to other countries or states, India is also home to its own indigenous people, one of which is the so called Adivasis or literally the â€Å"original inhabitants† who comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India.   These Indian tribes are also called Atavika (forest dwellers, in Sanskrit texts), Vanvasis or Girijans (hill people, e.g. by Mahatma Gandhi) (â€Å"Adivasi,† n.d.).† Together with the Dalits, the Adivasis form the most discriminated group of people in the Indian community. These groups of people are said to be constantly subjected to ridicule and shame all over India in a constant basis. A study conducted by Mayell, H. (2003) has chronicled some atrocities committed particularly against the Dalits who are historically the only   ones referred to as â€Å"untouchables† by citing that â€Å"Statistics compiled by India’s National Crime Records Bureau indicate that in the year 2000, the last year for which figures are available, 25,455 crimes were committed against Dalits. Every hour two Dalits are assaulted; every day three Dalit women are raped, two Dalits are murdered, and two Dalit homes are torched.† Furthermore, she stated that â€Å"No one believes these numbers are anywhere close to the reality of crimes committed against Dalits. Because the police, village councils, and government officials often support the caste system, which is based on the religious teachings of Hinduism, many crimes go unreported due to fear of reprisal, intimidation by police, inability to pay bribes demanded by police, or simply the knowledge that the police will do nothing (Mayell, 2003.)† The Dalits can trace its being oppressed from the fact that India being largely a country of people adhering to Hindu beliefs from which the caste system is derived, are the people who are supposed to be the untouchables or, as discussed, ranked at the lowest. As a result of this, naturally the Dalits are can be rightfully perceived and treated the way religion, tradition and history has treated them, which is sadly bordering on slavery.   However, without passing judgment, albeit being quite possibly insensitive, the plight of the Dalits can easily be viewed as part of the natural made up of the Hinduism belief from which any non-Hindu society member can not and should not question. Religiously speaking, based on the Hindu belief a Dalit is a person who has does not have any â€Å"varnas†. Varna refers to the Hindu belief that most humans were supposedly created from different parts of the body of the divinity Purusha. The part from which a Varna was supposedly created defines a person’s social status with regards to issues such as who they can marry and which professions they could hold (â€Å"Dalit,† n.d.). For their parts, the Adivasis being the original dwellers of India had their own unique way of societal structure, culture and tradition which has like most indigenous tribes all over the world become outmoded as the modern world around them evolved. The discrimination and pitiful situation of the Adivasis are not directly rooted to Hinduism but possibly to a mix of modernization and the former. This possible mix can not be easily discounted knowing the fact that most people in India are Hindu or believers of Hinduism. It is important to stress that the Adivasis as a classification within the Indian population is not brought about or classified as such by Hinduism per se or as part of its caste system. As discussed, the Adivasis is an ethnic group who are original inhabitants of India possibly even prior to the birth of Hinduism whose culture has failed to completely cope up with the modern world. Thus, Bijoy, C. (2003) said â€Å"relegating the Adivasis to the lowest rung in the social ladder was but natural and formed the basis of social and political decision making by the largely upper caste controlled mainstream. The ancient Indian scriptures, scripted by the upper castes, also further provided legitimacy to this.† Hence, even though that the Adivasis can mostly trace their own problems from the failure of their culture and practices to conform to the modern world, as contrast to that of the Dalits, which can easily trace their own problems from its religion, the Adivasis by simply being not well-equipped enough to cope with the modern world are easily lumped together with the Dalits. As a result, together the Dalits and Adivasis form the most oppressed people in India who are more known as the untouchables. According to Tarique (2008) it is not only a struggle for dignity and self-respect that these poor groups of Indian people are fighting for. They are also engaged in the â€Å"struggle for their rights and entitlements for land, access to natural resources, livelihood, employment and to market in general. (Tarique, 2008.)† It is sad to note that these said factual happenings in a modern world such as ours are still happening.   It is but a semblance of irony knowing that the problems that these people are facing and fighting everyday are rooted to one of man’s most sacred possessions, his religious beliefs, which in itself has taught us notions of goodness and the proper way to which we should live our lives; religion, from which ideas of turning away from sin and helping one’s own fellowman being the exact cause of a structuralized system of discrimination and oppression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strictly speaking it is difficult to question the plight of these untouchables more so with the Dalits than the Adivasis because the former’s pitiful situation can be justified by the fact that society has adapted it as part of its religious beliefs. An outsider or any non-Hindu looking into the said situation may not have the proper perspective to look into the plight of these untouchables.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, it is without a doubt that when one adapts the globally accepted notion of humane treatment, the sorry plight of these untouchables more so that of the Adivasis who are clearly not directly   Hindu in origin, but more of an â€Å"accidental untouchables†, are well   below the world standards of humane treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today as the world has chosen to progress and adapt globally its own evolving norms of legal and illegal, acceptable and taboo, good or bad, the world has given more emphasis to equality among ALL MEN without qualifications based on race, gender, birth, color of skin and etc. It is without a doubt that the untouchables of India both the Dalits and Adivasis are victims of a society who have failed to progress with the times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adapting the global perspective and the trend to which modern world is predominantly practicing, today’s world would put any country into shame when one does not act upon or even question the sad and pitiful plight of the Dalits and the Adivasis, the so called untouchables, the accidental slaves of society, people who are as early as birth are discriminated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact as already pointed out, it shall be everyone’s dream to realize and fulfill the perceived mandate of the Indian Constitution itself that outlaws this form of treatment of the so called untouchables. Perhaps only then one can give more emphasis and be prouder to claim India as a country truly rich in culture and proud history. References: Adivasi. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from Reference.com website: http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Adivasi Bijoy, C. (2003). The Adivasis of India. A History of Discrimination, Conflict and Resistance. PUCL Bulletin. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/adivasi.htm Caste. (n.d.). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from Reference.com website: http://www.reference.com/browse/columbia/caste Dalit. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from Reference.com website: http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Dalit India. (n.d.). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from Reference.com website: http://www.reference.com/browse/columbia/India Mayell, H. (2003). India’s â€Å"Untouchables† Face Violence, Discrimination. National Geographic News. Retrieved January 9, 2008, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0602_030602_untouchables.html People of India. (n.d.). People of India. Retrieved January 9, 2008, from http://www.webindia123.com/india/people/people.htm Tarique (2008). Fact Finding Mission on the Violence against Dalit and Adivasis Kundahamal District. India News. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2008/jan/09/fact_finding_mission_violence_against_dalit_and_adivais_kundahamal_district.html